Monday, September 30, 2019

beauty of Spring Data



thanks to Greg Turnquist

https://www.slideshare.net/SpringCentral/introduction-to-spring-data

https://spring.io/guides/ type "data"

my code is available here https://github.com/vernetto/springdata

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Istio presentation by Burr Sutter

Presentation slides http://bit.ly/istio-canaries



and the code is here https://github.com/redhat-developer-demos/istio-tutorial

What I understand is that Istio provides you a central control to monitor and manage routes among services - based on iptables rather than software proxies.

plenty of labs here https://github.com/redhat-developer-demos/istio-tutorial

So Istio should completely replace Netflix Cloud stuff (hystrix, sleuth, Service Registry...) - if I understand correctly.

Thursday, September 19, 2019

REST Management Services in weblogic reverse engineered

wls-management-services.war

only Administrator and Operator can invoke

weblogic.management.rest.Application main entry point

weblogic.management.rest.bean.utils.load.BuiltinResourceInitializer : all the MBeans are loaded here


weblogic.management.runtime.ServerRuntimeMBean



weblogic.management.rest.wls.resources.server.ShutdownServerResource this is the REST endpoint

@POST
@Produces({"application/json"})
public Response shutdownServer(@QueryParam("__detached") @DefaultValue("false") boolean detached, @QueryParam("force") @DefaultValue("false") boolean force, @PathParam("server") String name) throws Exception {
return this.getJobResponse(name, ServerOperationUtils.shutdown(this.getRequest(), name, detached, force), new ShutdownJobMessages(this));
}



weblogic.management.rest.wls.utils.ServerOperationUtils




From MBean:

com.bea.console.actions.core.server.lifecycle.Lifecycle$AdminServerShutdownJob

http://localhost:7001/console/jsp/core/server/lifecycle/ConsoleShutdown.jsp

weblogic.t3.srvr.GracefulShutdownRequest
weblogic.t3.srvr.ServerGracefulShutdownTimer



via JMX:

weblogic.management.mbeanservers.runtime.RuntimeServiceMBean extends Service : String OBJECT_NAME = "com.bea:Name=RuntimeService,Type=weblogic.management.mbeanservers.runtime.RuntimeServiceMBean"

public interface ServerRuntimeMBean extends RuntimeMBean, HealthFeedback, ServerStates, ServerRuntimeSecurityAccess
void shutdown(int var1, boolean var2, boolean var3) throws ServerLifecycleException;



https://docs.oracle.com/middleware/1221/wls/WLAPI/weblogic/management/runtime/ServerRuntimeMBean.html#shutdown_int__boolean__boolean_







For a list of REST Examples see also https://docs.oracle.com/middleware/12212/wls/WLRUR/WLRUR.pdf


----------------------------------------------------------------------
Asynchronously force shutdown a server
----------------------------------------------------------------------
curl -v \
--user operator:operator123 \
-H X-Requested-By:MyClient \
-H Accept:application/json \
-H Content-Type:application/json \
-d "{}" \
-H "Prefer:respond-async" \
-X POST http://localhost:7001/management/weblogic/latest/domainRuntime/
serverLifeCycleRuntimes/Cluster1Server2/forceShutdown

HTTP/1.1 202 Accepted
Location: http://localhost:7001/management/weblogic/latest/domainRuntime/
serverLifeCycleRuntimes/Cluster1Server2/tasks/_3_forceShutdown














Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Container PID 1

PRICELESS article on PID one, SIGTERM and kill in containers:

https://blog.no42.org/code/docker-java-signals-pid1/

the trick is using "exec java bla" so that java becomes PID 1.


$ kill -l
1) SIGHUP 2) SIGINT 3) SIGQUIT 4) SIGILL 5) SIGTRAP
6) SIGABRT 7) SIGEMT 8) SIGFPE 9) SIGKILL 10) SIGBUS
11) SIGSEGV 12) SIGSYS 13) SIGPIPE 14) SIGALRM 15) SIGTERM
16) SIGURG 17) SIGSTOP 18) SIGTSTP 19) SIGCONT 20) SIGCHLD
21) SIGTTIN 22) SIGTTOU 23) SIGIO 24) SIGXCPU 25) SIGXFSZ
26) SIGVTALRM 27) SIGPROF 28) SIGWINCH 29) SIGPWR 30) SIGUSR1
31) SIGUSR2 32) SIGRTMIN 33) SIGRTMIN+1 34) SIGRTMIN+2 35) SIGRTMIN+3
36) SIGRTMIN+4 37) SIGRTMIN+5 38) SIGRTMIN+6 39) SIGRTMIN+7 40) SIGRTMIN+8
41) SIGRTMIN+9 42) SIGRTMIN+10 43) SIGRTMIN+11 44) SIGRTMIN+12 45) SIGRTMIN+13
46) SIGRTMIN+14 47) SIGRTMIN+15 48) SIGRTMIN+16 49) SIGRTMAX-15 50) SIGRTMAX-14
51) SIGRTMAX-13 52) SIGRTMAX-12 53) SIGRTMAX-11 54) SIGRTMAX-10 55) SIGRTMAX-9
56) SIGRTMAX-8 57) SIGRTMAX-7 58) SIGRTMAX-6 59) SIGRTMAX-5 60) SIGRTMAX-4
61) SIGRTMAX-3 62) SIGRTMAX-2 63) SIGRTMAX-1 64) SIGRTMAX


"The SIGTERM signal is a generic signal used to cause program termination. Unlike SIGKILL, this signal can be blocked, handled, and ignored. It is the normal way to politely ask a program to terminate."


See also https://docs.docker.com/v17.12/engine/reference/run/#specify-an-init-process

"You can use the --init flag to indicate that an init process should be used as the PID 1 in the container. Specifying an init process ensures the usual responsibilities of an init system, such as reaping zombie processes, are performed inside the created container."

https://github.com/krallin/tini "All Tini does is spawn a single child (Tini is meant to be run in a container), and wait for it to exit all the while reaping zombies and performing signal forwarding." "Tini is included in Docker itself"

"A process running as PID 1 inside a container is treated specially by Linux: it ignores any signal with the default action. So, the process will not terminate on SIGINT or SIGTERM unless it is coded to do so."







Tuesday, September 17, 2019

REST interface to manage WLS

this works like magic:


curl -s -v --user weblogic:weblogic0 -H X-Requested-By:MyClient -H Accept:application/json -H Content-Type:application/json -d "{timeout: 10, ignoreSessions: true }" -X POST http://localhost:7001/management/wls/latest/servers/id/AdminServer/shutdown


Problem comes when you have only HTTPS, and even worse with 2 way SSL. Then you are screwed - pardon my french - because curl stupidly uses only pem certificates, so if you have p12 you must convert the p12 into 2 separate files, certificate and private key :


openssl pkcs12 -in mycert.p12 -out file.key.pem -nocerts -nodes
openssl pkcs12 -in mycert.p12 -out file.crt.pem -clcerts -nokeys
curl -E ./file.crt.pem --key ./file.key.pem https://myservice.com/service?wsdl

CORRECTION: it seems that CURL does support now p12 certs: curl --cert-type P12 ...https://curl.haxx.se/docs/manpage.html BUT only if you use the Apple Library "Secure Support" or something like that, not if you use NSS or OpenSSL libraries (do "curl -V" to find out)


See more here https://docs.oracle.com/middleware/1221/wls/WLRUR/using.htm#WLRUR180


return all servers:

curl -s --user weblogic:weblogic0 http://localhost:7001/management/weblogic/latest/edit/servers




Saturday, September 14, 2019

Sockets leak, a case study

We get a "too many files open", and lsof reveals some 40k IPv6 connections.



What happens if you forget to close a Socket ?

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.Socket;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.Socket;

public class ConnLeak {

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
        for (;;) {
            Thread.sleep(1000);
            leak();
        }
    }

    static void leak() throws IOException {
        System.out.println("connecting ");
        String hostName = "localhost";
        int portNumber = 8080;
        Socket echoSocket = new Socket(hostName, portNumber);
        BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(echoSocket.getInputStream()));
        System.out.println(in.readLine());
        // in.close();   // WE FORGOT TO CLOSE!
        // echoSocket.close(); // WE FORGOT TO CLOSE!
        System.out.println("done");
    }
}



centos@localhost ~]$ netstat -an | grep WAIT 
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:8080          127.0.0.1:50008         FIN_WAIT2  
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:8080          127.0.0.1:50020         FIN_WAIT2  
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:8080          127.0.0.1:50016         FIN_WAIT2  
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:50014         127.0.0.1:8080          CLOSE_WAIT 
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:8080          127.0.0.1:50006         FIN_WAIT2  
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:8080          127.0.0.1:50012         FIN_WAIT2  
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:50020         127.0.0.1:8080          CLOSE_WAIT 
tcp6     578      0 ::1:8080                ::1:41240               CLOSE_WAIT 
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:8080          127.0.0.1:50014         FIN_WAIT2  
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:8080          127.0.0.1:50018         FIN_WAIT2  
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:50022         127.0.0.1:8080          CLOSE_WAIT 
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:50016         127.0.0.1:8080          CLOSE_WAIT 
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:50006         127.0.0.1:8080          CLOSE_WAIT 
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:8080          127.0.0.1:50022         FIN_WAIT2  
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:8080          127.0.0.1:50010         FIN_WAIT2  
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:50018         127.0.0.1:8080          CLOSE_WAIT 
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:50010         127.0.0.1:8080          CLOSE_WAIT 
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:50008         127.0.0.1:8080          CLOSE_WAIT 
tcp6       0      0 127.0.0.1:50012         127.0.0.1:8080          CLOSE_WAIT 




you end up with a pile of socket file descriptors in FIN_WAIT2+CLOSE_WAIT


If instead you DO close the socket, you have only fd in TIME_WAIT


In the LEAKING case, you can observe the leaking fd:


sudo lsof -p 10779

lsof: WARNING: can't stat() fuse.gvfsd-fuse file system /run/user/1000/gvfs
      Output information may be incomplete.
COMMAND   PID   USER   FD   TYPE             DEVICE  SIZE/OFF     NODE NAME
java    10779 centos  cwd    DIR              253,0      4096 52165832 /home/centos
java    10779 centos  rtd    DIR              253,0       243       64 /
java    10779 centos  txt    REG              253,0      7734 33728521 /home/centos/jdk1.8.0_141/bin/java
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0 106070960    56227 /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0    115814 52241403 /home/centos/jdk1.8.0_141/jre/lib/amd64/libnet.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0  66216625  3748173 /home/centos/jdk1.8.0_141/jre/lib/rt.jar
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0    124327 52241426 /home/centos/jdk1.8.0_141/jre/lib/amd64/libzip.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0     62184    56246 /usr/lib64/libnss_files-2.17.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0    225914 52241483 /home/centos/jdk1.8.0_141/jre/lib/amd64/libjava.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0     66472 52241404 /home/centos/jdk1.8.0_141/jre/lib/amd64/libverify.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0     44448    42091 /usr/lib64/librt-2.17.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0   1139680    56236 /usr/lib64/libm-2.17.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0  17013932 19043494 /home/centos/jdk1.8.0_141/jre/lib/amd64/server/libjvm.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0   2127336    42088 /usr/lib64/libc-2.17.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0     19776    56234 /usr/lib64/libdl-2.17.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0    102990 52241266 /home/centos/jdk1.8.0_141/lib/amd64/jli/libjli.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0    144792    56254 /usr/lib64/libpthread-2.17.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0    164264    34688 /usr/lib64/ld-2.17.so
java    10779 centos  mem    REG              253,0     32768 41856127 /tmp/hsperfdata_centos/10779
java    10779 centos    0u   CHR              136,1       0t0        4 /dev/pts/1
java    10779 centos    1u   CHR              136,1       0t0        4 /dev/pts/1
java    10779 centos    2u   CHR              136,1       0t0        4 /dev/pts/1
java    10779 centos    3r   REG              253,0  66216625  3748173 /home/centos/jdk1.8.0_141/jre/lib/rt.jar
java    10779 centos    4u  unix 0xffff8801eaabfc00       0t0   327936 socket
java    10779 centos    5u  IPv6             327938       0t0      TCP localhost:50132->localhost:webcache (CLOSE_WAIT)
java    10779 centos    6u  IPv6             327940       0t0      TCP localhost:50134->localhost:webcache (CLOSE_WAIT)
java    10779 centos    7u  IPv6             327942       0t0      TCP localhost:50136->localhost:webcache (CLOSE_WAIT)
java    10779 centos    8u  IPv6             327146       0t0      TCP localhost:50138->localhost:webcache (CLOSE_WAIT)
java    10779 centos    9u  IPv6             329030       0t0      TCP localhost:50140->localhost:webcache (CLOSE_WAIT)
java    10779 centos   10u  IPv6             329036       0t0      TCP localhost:50142->localhost:webcache (CLOSE_WAIT)
java    10779 centos   11u  IPv6             326450       0t0      TCP localhost:50146->localhost:webcache (CLOSE_WAIT)
java    10779 centos   12u  IPv6             328073       0t0      TCP localhost:50148->localhost:webcache (CLOSE_WAIT)
java    10779 centos   13u  IPv6             329065       0t0      TCP localhost:50150->localhost:webcache (ESTABLISHED)



A Java Flight Recorder measurement reveals the source of the leak:




You can view those sockets in /proc/10779/fd/ folder (use ls -ltra, they are links)
and display more info with

cat /proc/10779/net/sockstat

sockets: used 881
TCP: inuse 9 orphan 0 tw 9 alloc 94 mem 75
UDP: inuse 8 mem 1
UDPLITE: inuse 0
RAW: inuse 0
FRAG: inuse 0 memory 0



(see also https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-find-all-file-descriptors-used-by-a-process/ for procfs info )







Friday, September 13, 2019

Scrum

Excellent presentation:





Plan, Build, Test, Review, Deploy -> Potentially Deliverable Product


Several Incremental releases (Sprint)

Product Owner
Scrum Master
Team


Product Backlog (User Stories = feature sets) "as user I need something so that bla"
Sprint Backlog
Burndown Chart


3 Ceremonies:
- Sprint Planning (estimate user stories sizing)
- Daily Scrum (what is completed, what they work on, what is blocking them)
- Sprint backlog (things to do in current Spring)


Sprint Review
Sprint Retrospective





Story Format: WHO... WHAT...WHY...

Story Points, FIBONACCI sequence 1 2 3 5 8 13

Minimum Viable Product = something you can demonstrate to customer







Monday, September 9, 2019

podman! skopio!

sudo yum install epel-release -y
sudo yum install dnf -y
sudo dnf install -y podman

segmentation fault!

alias docker=podman

funny presentation




https://github.com/containers/conmon



Sunday, September 8, 2019

docker cheat sheets

https://github.com/wsargent/docker-cheat-sheet


About "docker inspect". you can inspect a container or an image.


docker inspect $containerid

-> there are 2 places with "Image", one showing the image's sha2, the other the image's name.
If you use the sha2 to identify the image, remember it's truncated to the leftmost 12 digits.

docker image inspect $imagename (or $imagesha2)

here you find the Cmd and Entrypoint`


You can assign a label to image in Dockerfile:
LABEL app=hello-world

and use it to filter:

docker images --filter "label=app=hello-world"


since version 18.6 you can use BuildKit https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/builder/#label :

without BuildKit:

docker build -t myhw .
Sending build context to Docker daemon  9.728kB
Step 1/3 : FROM busybox:latest
 ---> db8ee88ad75f
Step 2/3 : CMD echo "Hello world date=" `date`
 ---> Using cache
 ---> 22bd2fd85b95
Step 3/3 : LABEL app=hello-world
 ---> Running in 1350a308f4eb
Removing intermediate container 1350a308f4eb
 ---> 7a576b758d86
Successfully built 7a576b758d86
Successfully tagged myhw:latest


export DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1


with BuildKit:

docker build -t myhw .
[+] Building 2.2s (5/5) FINISHED                                                                                                                                                                                   
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                                                                                                                                             1.5s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                                                                                                                                               0.0s
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                                                                                                                                          1.2s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 181B                                                                                                                                                                          0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/busybox:latest                                                                                                                                             0.0s
 => [1/1] FROM docker.io/library/busybox:latest                                                                                                                                                               0.0s
 => => resolve docker.io/library/busybox:latest                                                                                                                                                               0.0s
 => exporting to image                                                                                                                                                                                        0.0s
 => => exporting layers                                                                                                                                                                                       0.0s
 => => writing image sha256:4ce77b76b309be143c25ad75add6cdf17c282491e2966e6ee32edc40f802b1f4                                                                                                                  0.0s
 => => naming to docker.io/library/myhw     



CMD vs ENTRYPOINT

if you use
ENTRYPOINT echo "pippo "
docker build -t echopippo .
docker run echopippo

it will print "pippo"

if you use also CMD
ENTRYPOINT echo "pippo "
CMD " peppo"

it will still print only "pippo". To append arguments, you must use the JSON array format (i.e. square brackets)

ENTRYPOINT ["echo", "pippo "]
CMD [" peppo"]


this will print "pippo peppo".

If you provide an extra parameter from command line:
docker run echopippo pluto

then CMD is ignored, and the parameter from command line is used:
pippo pluto




Priceless Romin Irani turorial on :

docker volumes: https://rominirani.com/docker-tutorial-series-part-7-data-volumes-93073a1b5b72

Dockerfile: https://rominirani.com/docker-tutorial-series-writing-a-dockerfile-ce5746617cd


Other tutorials here https://github.com/botchagalupe/DockerDo






Thursday, September 5, 2019

Learn OpenShift!

https://learn.openshift.com


This is a cool katacoda-based collection of laboratories.


running ssh workflow on group of servers

#generate sample servers

for i in {1..110}; do printf "myserver%05d\n" $i; done > myservers.txt

#group servers by 20
count=0
group=0
for line in $(cat  myservers.txt);
do
  printf "GROUP_%03d %s\n" $group $line
  ((count=$count + 1))
  if [ $count -eq 20 ]; then
    ((group=$group + 1))
    count=0
  fi
done >> grouped.txt


#print servers in given group
cat grouped.txt | grep GROUP_005 | awk -F' ' '{print $2}'


#put this in steps.sh

myserver=$1
step=$2


case $step in
  1)
    echo "hello, this is step 1 for server $myserver"
    ;;
  2)
    echo "ciao, this is step 2 for server $myserver"
    ;;
  3)
    echo "Gruezi, this is step 3 for server $myserver"
    ;;
  *)
    echo "ERROR invalid step $step"
esac





#execute given step for GROUP

THESTEP=3; cat grouped.txt | grep GROUP_005 | awk -vstep="$THESTEP" -F' ' '{print $2,step}' | xargs ./steps.sh






Sunday, September 1, 2019

saltstack getting started

curl -L https://bootstrap.saltstack.com -o install_salt.sh

sudo sh install_salt.sh -M #install master and minion on same node

/etc/salt

/etc/salt/minion
master: localhost
id: myminion

sudo systemctl restart salt-minion
sudo systemctl restart salt-master
sudo salt-key
sudo salt-key -a myminion (then type Y)

sudo salt '*' test.ping

sudo salt-call sys.doc test.ping

sudo salt '*' cmd.run_all 'echo HELLO'

#list matcher
sudo salt -L 'myminion' test.ping

sudo salt '*' grains.item os

sudo salt '*' grains.items

sudo salt --grain 'os:CentOS' test.ping

#custom grains
cat /etc/salt/grains

#list all execution modules
sudo salt '*' sys.list_modules

sudo salt '*' pkg.install htop

sudo salt '*' state.sls apache




Ref:

Colton Meyes - Learning Saltstack (Packt Publishing), really direct and hands-on book.

(PS I had a quick look at "Mastering Saltstack" by Packt, it's waaay too abstract and blablaistic.

https://docs.saltstack.com/en/latest/




ports and pods

#start a pod with default parameters
kubectl run nginx --image=nginx --restart=Never

kubectl describe pod nginx

Node: node01/172.17.0.36
IP: 10.32.0.2

#we can reach nginx with the "IP" address
curl 10.32.0.2:80

but "curl 172.17.0.36:80" doesn't work!

kubectl describe nodes node01
InternalIP: 172.17.0.36


10.32.0.2 is the Pod's IP (=same IP for all containers running in that Pod):
kubectl exec -ti nginx bash
hostname -i

10.32.0.2

The Node IP cannot be used as such to reach the Pod/Container.

Setting the spec.container.ports.containerPort will not change neither the IP nor the POrt at which nginx is running: this parameter is purely "declarative" and is only useful when exposing the Pod/Deployment with a Service.

If you want to "expose" to an IP other than the Pod's IP:

kubectl expose pod nginx --port=8089 --target-port=80

kubectl describe service nginx
Type: ClusterIP
IP: 10.99.136.123
Port: 8089/TCP
TargetPort: 80/TCP
Endpoints: 10.32.0.2:80

NB this IP 10.99.136.123 is NOT the Node's IP nor the Pod's IP. It's a service-specific IP.

curl 10.99.136.123:8089

kubectl get service --all-namespaces

NAMESPACE NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
default nginx ClusterIP 10.99.136.123 8089/TCP 16m



Ref:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/networking/